Google Translator

Google Translate is a service provided by Google Inc.to translate a section of text, or a webpage, into another language. Unlike other translation services such as Babel Fish, AOL , and Yahoo  which use SYSTRAN , Google uses its own translation software. Some say that this could lead to a revolution in modern language industry.

 The service limits the number of paragraphs, or range of technical terms, that will be translated. It is also possible to enter searches in a source language that are first translated to a destination language allowing you to browse and interpret results from the selected destination language in the source language.

For some languages, users are asked for alternate translations such as for technical terms, to be included for future updates to the translation process. Text in a foreign language can be typed, and if “Detect Language” is selected, it will not only detect the language, but it will translate into English by default.

Google Translate, like other automatic translation tools, has its limitations. While it can help the reader to understand the general content of a foreign language text, it does not always deliver accurate translations. Some languages produce better results than others. when translating English to Spanish or vice versa, we can see that even if the text is understandable and we can understand the main ideas, it is not an accurate translation. here we have a text of the back american literature writer Maya Angelou:

Languages written in Devanagari or the Arabic script and its variants can be transliterated automatically from phonetic equivalents written in the Latin alphabet.

Google translate is based on an approach called statistical machine translation, and more specifically, on research by Franz-Josef Och who won the DARPA contest for speed machine translation in 2003. Och is now the head of Google’s machine translation department.

According to Och, a solid base for developing a usable statistical machine translation system for a new pair of languages from scratch, would consist in having a bilingual text corpus (or parallel collection) of more than a million words and two monolingual corpora of each more than a billion words.

  To acquire this huge amount of linguistic data, Google used United Nations documents. The same document is normally available in all six official UN languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish), so Google now has a 6-language corpus of 20 billion words’ worth of human translations.

The availability of Arabic and Chinese as official UN languages is probably one of the reasons why Google Translate initially focused on the development of translation between English and those languages, and not, for example, Japanese and German, which are not official languages at the UN.

After giving you some information about this revolutionary translation program, add, that if we just write on it one word, the translation machine automatically gives you all the synonymous it has:

Finally, it should be worth pointing out that apart form the translation, the program also gives us the option to heard how the word is pronounce.

Information sources:

Google translator. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 10:54, March 21, 2010, from http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate

Google translator.Retrieved 10:40, March 21, 2010, from http://translate.google.es/#es|en|adem%C3%A1s%0D%0A

orality-writing-hypermedia

According to what Steven Mizrach says in “Orality and teleliteracy”; human communication begins with primary orality – the ability to speak with others.  Human linguistic competence begins with a series of evolutionary changes both in the structure of the brain (Broca’s Area) and the larynx, palate, et al. which result in more complex abilities of vocalization.   Humanlike speech probably has existed for 300,000 years or more among our hominid ancestors, growing from simple grunts and other forms of onomatopoeia, to the development of distinct spoken languages with grammar, morphology, and syntax, as we know them today.  Oral speech is always expontaneous,  non-linear and oponed since we create it from the unconscious.  

As Walter J Ong says in his book “Orality and Literacy: The technologizing the World”, writing (and especially alphabetic writing) is a technology, calling for the use of tools and other equipment: styli or brushes or pens, carefully prepared surfaces such as paper, animal skins, strips of wood, as well as inks or paints, and much more.  Clanchy (1979, pp. 88-115) discusses the matter circumstantially, in its western medieval context, in his chapter entitled ‘The technology of writing’.  Writing is in a way the most drastic of the three technologies.  It initiated what print and computers only continue, the reduction of dynamic sound to quiescent space, the separation of the word from the living present, where alone spoken words can exist.  By contrast with natural, oral speech, writing is completely artificial.  Writing or script differs as such from speech in that it does not inevitably well up out of the unconscious. The process of putting spoken language into writing is governed by consciously contrived, articulable rules. 

 However, to say writing is artificial is not to condemn it but to praise it. Like other artifical creations and indeed more than any other, it is utterly invaluable and indeed essential for the realization of fuller, interior, human potentials. 

  Finally, we can fing the hypermedia, the lasto f these three.  Hypermedia is a term created by Ted Nelson, and used in his 1965 article  Complex information processing: a file structure for the complex, the changing and the indeterminate. It is used as a logical extension of the term hypertext, in which graphics, audio, video, plain text and hyperlinks intertwine to create a generally non-linear medium of information.  

http://www.cs.indiana.edu/~port/teach/relg/ong.html

                http://www.babylon.com/definition/Hypermedia/All 

               http://www.fiu.edu/~mizrachs/orality.htm  Retrieved: February 10, 2008. 

XML

How Is XML Defined?

XML is defined by a number of related specifications:

• Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0
• XML Pointer Language (XPointer) and XML Linking Language (XLink)
• Extensible Style Language (XSL)

  

XML Development Goals

1. It shall be straightforward to use XML over the Internet. Users must be able to view XML documents as quickly and easily as HTML documents.
2. XML shall support a wide variety of applications. XML should be beneficial to a wide variety of diverse applications: authoring, browsing, content analysis, etc.
3. XML shall be compatible with SGML. Most of the people involved in the XML effort come from organizations that have a large, in some cases staggering, amount of material in SGML.
4. It shall be easy to write programs that process XML documents.
5. The number of optional features in XML is to be kept to an absolute minimum, ideally zero. Optional features inevitably raise compatibility problems when users want to share documents and sometimes lead to confusion and frustration.
6. XML documents should be human-legible and reasonably clear.
7. The XML design should be prepared quickly.
8. The design of XML shall be formal and concise.
9. XML documents shall be easy to create. In the interim, it must be possible to create XML documents in other ways: directly in a text editor, with simple shell and Perl scripts, etc.
10. Terseness in XML markup is of minimal importance. Several SGML language features were designed to minimize the amount of typing required to manually key in SGML documents.

http://www.xml.com/

http://www.tejedoresdelweb.com/307/article-1868.html    Retrieved: February 8, 2008.

XML

XML es un Lenguaje de Etiquetado Extensible muy simple, pero estricto que juega un papel fundamental en el intercambio de una gran variedad de datos. Es un lenguaje muy similar a HTML pero su función principal es describir datos y no mostrarlos como es el caso de HTML. XML es un formato que permite la lectura de datos a través de diferentes aplicaciones.Las tecnologías XML son un conjunto de módulos que ofrecen servicios útiles a las demandas más frecuentes por parte de los usuarios. XML sirve para estructurar, almacenar e intercambiar información. XMLfunciona como un lenguaje avanzado para crear hojas de estilos. Es   capaz de transformar, ordenar y filtrar datos XML, y darles formato basándolo en sus valores.   http://www.w3c.es/divulgacion/guiasbreves/tecnologiasXML   Enero 20, 2008

orality and literacy

  Ong’s most widely known work, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (1982), a volume in the New Accents Series, is translated into eleven other languages. In it he attempts to identify the distinguishing characteristics of orality: thought and its verbal expression in societies where the technologies of literacy (especially writing and print) are unfamiliar to most of the population. He then reviews the transition from an oral culture to awriting culture, that is to the use of the technologies of written words for communication.Ong drew heavily on the work of Eric A. Havelock who suggested a fundamental shift in the form of thought coinciding with the transition from orality to literacy in Ancient Greece. Ong describes writing as a technology that must be laboriously learned, and which effects the first transformation of human thought from the world of sound to the world of sight. This transition has implications for structuralism, deconstruction , speech-act and reader-response theory, the teaching of reading and writing skills to males and females, social studies,biblical studies, philosophy, and cultural history generally.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_J._Ong 

 http://www.ucm.es/info/multidoc/multidoc/revista/cuad6-7/saorin.htm  Enero 26, 2008

XML

What is XML? XML is the standard Extensible Markup Language. XML is a metalanguage that defines the syntax used to define other languages labels structured. Its purpose is to help the sharing of information from different systems.

Objectives XML was created under the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) body which ensures the development of WWW based on the broad specifications of SGML. Its development began in 1996 and the first version came to light on February 10, 1998. The first definition that appeared was: System to define and validate sharing document formats on the Web. During the year 1998 XML grew exponentially, and by that I mean their appeared in media, mentions on web pages, support software, and so on. With regard to its objectives are: * XML must be compatible with SGML. * It should be easy to write programs that process XML documents. * The number of optional features in XML must be minimum, ideally zero.

Advantages The XML pretends to be more suitable for the browsers and easier to use than the HTML, which has always cause problems. The main advantages that the XML language includes are:

– It’s performance is simple and compatible with much aplications.

– Allows you using different languages at the same time.

– You can be sure that you are not having sintaxic errors.

The importances and consequences As IBM Systems Journal says XML has become the predominant mechanism for electronic data interchange between information systems and can be described as a universally applicable, durable “Code of Integration.” As we celebrate its tenth anniversary, it is appropriate to reflect on the role XML has played and the technical ecosystem in which it functions. In this paper, we discuss both the environment from which XML arose and its technical underpinnings, and we relate these topics to companion papers in this issue of the IBM Systems Journal. We discuss the broad consequences of XML and argue that XML will take its place among the technical standards having the greatest impact on the world in which we live. We conclude with some reflections on the significant technical, economic, and societal consequences that XML is likely to have in the future.

http://geneura.ugr.es/~maribel/xml/introduccion/index.shtml#12 (11-01-08 ) 12:01 pm María Isabel García Arenas-Dpt.arquitectura y tecnología de computadoras-U. Granada

http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/452/adler.htm (11-01-08 ) 12:30 pm

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML (11-01-08 ) 12:45 pm

http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/x-matters30.htm (11-01-08 ) 12:50pm

http://www.programación.net/html/xml/htmdsssl/capitulo1.htm#cap1s3 (15-01-08 ) 12:20 pm

http://www.desarrolloweb.com/manuales/18/ (15-01-08 ) 12:30 pm

http://www.w3c.es/divulgacion/guiasbreves/tecnologiasXML (16-01-08 ) 12:40 pm

http://www.w3.org/XML/ (16-01-08 ) 12:45 pm

orality,literacy,digitally

ORALITY

 

Walter Ong, distinguishes between two types: primary and secondary. The primary use oral cultures who do not know the write, while the secondary employ those who are already familiar with the later two forms of expression -written and orally language- as well as with new ones such as the telephone, television or radio.

• Additive/Paratactic
• Aggregative
• Redundant
• Conservative(Traditional)
• Close to the Human Lifeworld
• Agonistically Toned
• Empathetic and Participatory–Rhetorical
• Homeostatic
• Situational

 

 

LITERACY

 

As wikipedia says Ong describes writing as a technology that must be laboriously learned, and which effects the first transformation of human thought from the world of sound to the world of sight.

• Subordinate/Hypotactic (but…because)
• Analytic
• Linear
• Experimental
• Abstract
• Disengaged, Objectively Toned
• Philosophical
• Dynamic
• Abstract

 

DIGITALLY

Electronic communication changes the flow of information and knowledge, acting on the following points:

-The interaction of the receptor with information
-The time interaction
-The structure of the message
-Expand the size of communication

 

• Electronics.
• Computer Interaction.
• Realtime = immediately.
• Integrated Networks.
• Magnetic Memories.
• Many for many.
• Hipertextual with different kinds of language.
• Interactive.
• Multidirectional.

 

 

JG Caceres-International Review of communication, 2000

• Http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/168/16800502.pdf (2-12-2007 19:30)

• W Ong – docencia.udea.edu.com (3-12-2007 21:00)

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_J._Ong (29-12-2007 16:00)

• http://www.tarleton.edu/~lilly/discuss2.htm (28-12-2007 12:30)

• www.bvs.sld.cu/revistas/aci/vol9_s_01/sci04100.htm   02-12-2007 21:00

e-books

An e-book (electronic book) is a digital device that has the same purpose than the convencional books, but it includes accesories which you can not enjoy with the printed ones.
What are the advantages of a digital book?
First of all, the possibility of achieving a comfortable and enjoyable reading where you can also carry an entire library contained there in. Different models of e-Book have been skilled to facilitate this activity: they are portable, and they have developed so much that nowadays they are similar in size and shape to the convencional books.
Their various applications allow you to perform multiple functions such as:

• Search text throughout the book.
• You have a system of menus to mark pages, underline and adjust the size of the words or its presentation.
• Add notes.
• Store a large number of works. (from 4000 to 100000 pages).
• Moving from one page to another just by giving a click or through a words locator.

Unfortunately there are also some disadvantages:

• Less control over standards. The publishing process of the normal books is hard, so it produces qualified products.
• Less control over author’s rights.
• They are shightly harder to read.

How to save an e-book
The electronic books can be read directly from the computer or be unloaded on the same one. In both cases, he will need to have installed someone of the following programs: “Microsoft Reader” or “Adobe Acrobat eBook Reader”.

• If the books in the way of ” MS Reader ” are not loaded with automatic form on having punctured on them, the book comes out into the computer with the straight button of the mouse by the option ” Guardar destino como “. You have to locate the file on the hard disk and open it with a double click.

• On the other hand, the books in the way of PDF are visualized by fault with the “Acrobat Reader”. If what you wish is to incorporate the book into your library “eBook”, continue like with the books in format ” MS Reader ” and download it on the hard disk. Later, open the book from the Adobe Acrobat eBook Reader

www.webskills4u.com
wikipedia.org

libros electronicos

          

A finales de 1971 comenzó a desarrollarse lo que hoy denominamos libro digital o electrónico. Michael Hart fue el impulsor del Proyecto Gutemberg que consisitía en la creación de una biblioteca digital totalmente gratis donde podíamos encontrar obras de autores como Shakespeare, Poe y Dante entre otros, todas ellas obras de dominio público. En 1981 se produce un importante avance ya que sale a a la venta el primer libro electrónico: Random House’s Electronic Dictionary. Sin embargo fue en marzo de 2001 cuando el libro digital (también conocido como eBook) experimentó su máxima expansión gracias al novelista Stephen King quien lanzó al mercado a través de la red su novela Riding the Bullet. La obra en apenas 48 horas vendió más de medio millón de copias, al precio de dos dólares y medio la copia. El mes siguiente Putin también sacó a través de internet sus memorias.

Desde este momento comenzaron a aparecer varias editoriales electrónicas y muchas tiendas virtuales empezaron a incorporar libros electrónicos en sus catálogos.

fuente: wikipedia  noviembre 15, 2007

NiRe AuKeRa

        kiara naiz, 18 urteko gernikar bat. Nire bizitzan zehar aukeraketa asko egin behar izan ditudan arren, inoiz ez ditut nik bakarrik egin, hau da, inoiz ez ditut nire famili edo lagunen baten laguntza barik egin. Azken hau aldiz bakarrik egin dut: ingeles filologiarena. Inoiz zihur euki dudan aukeraketa bat izan zen pasadan urtean. irakasleak, etxekoak, lagunak… zer ikasiko nuen galdetzean zerura begira geratzen nintzen «ezdakit» bat erantzunez . Azkenean lortu nuen zerbait aukeratzea eta orain hemen nago, Deustuko, Bilboko unibertsitate honetan. Hau aukeratzearen arrazoia txikitatik dator. Amerikan jaio eta nire amak txikitan ingeleses egiten zidan baina dena aldatu zen Gernikara hetzean (orain bizi naizen herria) . Hemen, gaztelanieraz hitzegiten hasi eta ingelesa ikastolan baino ez nuen ematen. Zortzi edo bederatzi urte nituenean ingeleseko partikularrera gustora hasi eta orain arte bertan egon naiz. orain sei edo zazpi urte ingeleseko udalekuetan egon nintzen hamabost bat egun eta azkenengo 4 urteetan ingalaterrako Scarborough izeneko herri batean egon naiz.Txikitatik gustuko izan dudan hizkuntza bat izan denez eta beste ezer gustuko ez dudanez izan….orain hemen nago lehenago azaldu bezala ingeles filologia egiten.